Amerikaanse wetenschappers slaagden er om de groei van tabakplanten met 40 procent te verbeteren. De benodigde gentechnologie is in Europa niet toegestaan.
Wetenschappers van de Universiteit van Illinois en het Amerikaanse ministerie van Landbouw publiceerden onlangs in het vakblad Science hoe zij het groeiproces van tabaksplanten konden verbeteren. Belangrijke doorbraak was vooral dat ze met nieuwe veredelingstechnologie, waaronder de CRISPR-Cas techniek, enkele genen van bacteriën en algen bij de tabaksplant in konden bouwen. De plant kan dan makkelijker nadelige bijproducten van de fotosynthese afvoeren. Het Rubisco-enzym produceert namelijk in ongeveer 20% van de gevallen geen suikers, maar gifstoffen bij de fotosynthese. Dat is als hij geen CO2 maar O2 uit de lucht haalt. De plant moet die nadelige bijproducten weer wegwerken. Die zogenoemde fotorespiratie of ‘anti-fotosynthese’ kost de plant energie. Komt hij soepeler van zijn gifstoffen af, dan kan de plant bij dezelfde groeiomstandigheden naar schatting 40 procent meer biomassa aanmaken.
Vervolgproeven
Na de proeven met tabaksplant, zijn nu tests bij soja en bonen gaande. De vervolgproeven moeten ook uitwijzen in hoeverre extra groei zich vertaalt naar de eetbare delen. Het Amerikaanse onderzoek is namelijk onderdeel van meerjarige project (Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE)), dat sinds 2012 vooral insteekt op het verhogen van de wereldwijde voedselproductie, met name om honger en armoede in delen van Afrika en Azië te bestrijden. Onder meer het Bill en Melinda Gates Foundation financiert het project met miljoenen dollars. Zij willen de nieuwe techniek en gewassen die daar uit voortvloeien patentvrij houden, zodat alle boeren/telers in de wereld ervan kunnen profiteren.
CO2 doseren
Hoogleraar tuinbouw en gewasfysiologie aan de Wageningen University & Research Leo Marcelius stelt dat in kassen de fotosynthese al behoorlijk efficiënt verloopt. Door het doseren van CO2 is de kans namelijk kleiner dat het Rubisco-enzym O2 uit de lucht pakt. Daarnaast zijn er volgens Marcelis meerdere manieren om fotosynthese van gewassen te verbeteren, bijvoorbeeld door het aanbod en het spectrum van groeilicht beter af te stemmen op de behoefte van het gewas.
De fotosynthese kent overigens niet in alle gewassen de genoemde ‘weeffout’ rond het Rubisco-enzym. Maïs spaart bijvoorbeeld eerst het CO2 op voordat Rubisco het omzet in suikers. CAM-planten als phalenopsis hebben een tussentijdse CO2-opslag in de vorm van malaat.
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